Power System Protection and Relaying
This textbook provides an excellent focus on the advanced topics of the power system protection philosophy and gives exciting analysis methods and a cover of the important applications in the power systems relaying. Each chapter opens with a historical profile or career talk, followed by an introduction that states the chapter objectives and links the chapter to the previous ones, and then the introduction for each chapter. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. In each chapter, the authors present some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program.
Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of SCADA technology is encouraged in a student-friendly manner. SCADA technology using the Lucas-Nülle GmbH system is introduced and applied gradually throughout the book.
Practice problems immediately follow each illustrative example. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the book’s end for answers. These practice problems test students’ comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. Power System Protection and Relaying:
Computer-Aided Design Using SCADA Technology is intended for senior-level undergraduate students in electrical and computer engineering departments and is appropriate for graduate students, industry professionals, researchers, and academics. This book has more than ten categories and millions of power readers. It can be used in more than 400 electrical engineering departments at top universities worldwide. Based on this information, targeted lists of the engineers from specific disciplines include the following: • Electrical, computer, power control, technical power system, protection, design, and distribution engineers Designed for a three-hour semester course on “power system protection and relaying,” the prerequisite for a course based on this book is knowledge of standard mathematics, including calculus and complex numbers.
Preface The protection is the electric power engineering branch that deals with equipment design and operation (called “relays” or “protective relays”) that detects abnormal conditions of the power system and initiates corrective action as quickly as possible to bring the power system back to its normal state. A key aspect of protective relaying systems is the rapid response, often requiring a few milliseconds response times in order. Consequently, human interference in the operation of the defensive mechanism is not feasible. The response must be automated and swift and trigger minimal power system disruption. These general criteria rule the whole subject: accurate diagnosis of trouble, speed of response, and minimal disruption to the power system. We need to analyze all potential faults or irregular conditions in the power system to achieve these objectives.
This book aims to provide a good understanding of the power system’s protection and its applications and optimization. This book begins with the study of the concept of protection and relays. It then presents their applications in the different types of configurations shown in lucid detail. It optimizes the protective scheme’s location in power and uses the power electronics devices installed to protect the power system. This book is intended for college students, both in community colleges and universities.
This book is also intended for researchers, technicians, technology, and skills specialists in power and control systems. This book presents the relationship between the power system’s quantities and their protection and management. This book’s major goal is to briefly introduce protecting the power system covered in two semesters. This book is appropriate for juniors, senior undergraduate students, graduate students, industry professionals, researchers, and academics. This book is organized into 12 chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces the philosophy of power system protection and the effect of faults on the protection system’s power systems and performance requirements. The relay connection to the power system and protective zones is also introduced in this chapter.
Chapter 2 concerns some aspects of data required for the relay setting and relay types; it also discusses the digital relay operation, signal path for microprocessor relays, and digital relay construction. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, using Lucas-Nülle SCADA software is encouraged in a student-friendly manner. The reader does not need to have previous knowledge of SCADA. The material of this text can be learned without SCADA. However, the authors highly recommend that the reader studies this material in conjunction with the SCADA system. Chapter 3 provides a practical introduction to SCADA technology.
Chapter 4 deals with fault analysis, first, introduction to the faults in power systems, transient phenomena, and three-phase short circuit – an unloaded synchronous machine. Second, the short circuit theory consists of balanced and unbalanced fault calculation in general and conventional methods for small systems. These fault types involve single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground
faults. The last three unsymmetrical fault studies will require the knowledge and use of tools of symmetrical components. This chapter also deals with network models, shunt elements, fault analysis, and algorithms for short-circuit studies. The description of fuses and circuit breakers, their types, and their specifications are discussed in Chapter 5.
This chapter includes an introduction to the construction and working of a fuse, its characteristics, and its applications. It also discusses high-voltage circuit breakers. A directional overcurrent time protection design using Lucas-Nülle GmbH power system/SCADA network devices is explained.
Chapter 6 presents the overcurrent relay, PSM, time grading, and relay coordination method; this chapter also discusses requirements for proper relay coordination and hardware and software for overcurrent relays. Overvoltage and undervoltage protection using Lucas-Nülle GmbH power system/SCADA network devices is explained. Also, the directional power protection system using SCADA technology is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 7 describes the preceding transmission lines protection, distance relay as impedance, reactance, and MHO relay. The fundamentals of differential protection systems used to protect transmission lines are also discussed. Protection of parallel lines (parallel operation) and parametrizing non-directional relays using the SCADA system are discussed. Directional time overcurrent relays and high-speed distance protection using SCADA technology are explained in this chapter.
Chapter 8 presents transformer protection, types, connection, and mathematical models for each type of device. Overcurrent relays, differential relays, and pressure relays may secure the transformer and be controlled with winding temperature measurements, and chemical analysis of the gas above the insulating oil for incipient trouble is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 9 deals with generator protection and generator fault types. It also presents motor and busbar protection. This chapter briefly discusses the types of internal faults and various abnormal operating and system conditions. Additional protective schemes, such as overvoltage, out of step, and synchronization, should also be considered depending on the generator’s cost and relative importance.
Chapter 10 presents the concept of feeder configuration, HIF modeling, nonlinear load modeling, and capacitor modeling. The three test case systems’ designs and data are presented in this chapter. Also, the technique validation and algorithm verification are presented in this chapter. Finally, descriptions about earthing in the power system, types, and specifications are discussed in Chapter 11.
Also, it includes analysis procedures of electric power system grounding. Besides, it identifies techniques that can be applied to evaluate substation grounding systems (as well as indication line towers grounding). It also presents soil resistivity measurement methods; two measurement methods are defined: the three-limit method and the four-limit method.
Power System Protection and Relaying