Contents
Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgements
PART 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 1 The Offshore Electrical Dimension
CHAPTER 2 The Offshore Electrical Environment
PART 2 OFFSHORE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
AND EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 1 Insulation and Temperature Ratings of Equipment
CHAPTER 2 Alternating Current Synchronous Generators
CHAPTER 3 Emergency Generators
CHAPTER 4 Prime Mover Selection Criteria
CHAPTER 5 Generation and Distribution Switchgear and Transformers
CHAPTER 6 Direct Current Generators
CHAPTER 7 Direct Current Switchgear
CHAPTER 8 Electrical Cables
CHAPTER 9 Motors
CHAPTER 10 Motor Control Gear
CHAPTER 11 Power Electronics (Semiconductor Equipment)
CHAPTER 12 Process Drives and Starting Requirements
CHAPTER 13 Subsea Supplies and Cathodic Protection
CHAPTER 14 Offshore Lighting
CHAPTER 15 Process Control and Monitoring Systems
CHAPTER 16 Transformers
CHAPTER 17 Telecommunications – Internal and External
PART 3 DESIGN PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 1 Notes on Detailed Design Project Organisation
and Documentation
PART 4 ELECTRICAL FAULTS AND PROTECTION DEVICES
CHAPTER 1 Alternator Faults and Protection Devices
CHAPTER 2 Transformer Faults and Protection Devices
CHAPTER 3 Motor Faults and Protection
CHAPTER 4 Busbar Protection
CHAPTER 5 Feeder Protection, Conductor Sizing,
Load Flow and Fault Calculation
CHAPTER 6 Calculation of Load Flow, Prospective
Fault Currents and Transient Disturbances
CHAPTER 7 Protection and Discrimination
CHAPTER 8 Power Management
CHAPTER 9 Harmonics
PART 5 INSTALLATION
CHAPTER 1 Installation Practice
CHAPTER 2 Electrical System Earthing
CHAPTER 3 Environmental Protection
CHAPTER 4 Hazardous Area Installation
PART 6 SPECIFIC SYSTEMS AND VESSEL TYPES
CHAPTER 1 Notes on Dynamic Positioning and
Ballast Control for Floating Installations
CHAPTER 2 Floating Production, Storage and
Offloading Units
CHAPTER 3 Semisubmersibles and Mobile
Offshore Drilling Units
CHAPTER 4 Self-Elevating Rigs
CHAPTER 5 Tension Leg Platforms
CHAPTER 6 Notes on Offshore Renewable Energy
Substation Platforms
PART 7 COMMISSIONING
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Commissioning
CHAPTER 2 Generators
CHAPTER 3 Switchgear
CHAPTER 4 Protection and Control
CHAPTER 5 Large Motors
CHAPTER 6 Protection, Monitoring and Control
PART 8 RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE AND LOGISTICS
CHAPTER 1 Reliability
CHAPTER 2 Maintenance and Logistics
PART 9 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND
SAFETY PRACTICE
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to UK DCR Regulations
and the Duties of an Electrical ICP
CHAPTER 2 Preparation and Use of Performance Standards
CHAPTER 3 Notes on Safety Integrity Level
Assessment for Electrical Engineers
Appendix A Guide to Offshore Installations
Appendix B Typical Commissioning Test Sheets
Appendix C Comparison of Hazardous Area Equipment Certification
Bibliography
Index
The Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual is a specialized guide focusing on the principles, design, installation, and maintenance of electrical systems in offshore environments. Offshore facilities, such as oil rigs, wind farms, and subsea installations, operate under challenging conditions that demand robust and reliable electrical systems. This manual serves as an essential resource for engineers, designers, and technicians working in offshore industries.
Purpose of the Manual
- Guidance: Provides comprehensive guidelines for designing and implementing offshore electrical systems.
- Safety: Ensures compliance with stringent safety standards to mitigate risks in hazardous environments.
- Reliability: Focuses on maintaining operational continuity in extreme conditions.
- Efficiency: Helps optimize energy usage and system performance in offshore facilities.
Key Topics Covered
Offshore Electrical System Design:
- System Voltage Levels: Selection of voltage levels suitable for offshore platforms and subsea installations.
- Power Distribution: Design of radial, ring, and mesh networks for efficient and reliable power distribution.
- Redundancy and Reliability: Incorporation of fail-safe designs and redundancy to prevent downtime.
Electrical Equipment for Offshore Use:
- Transformers and Switchgear: Specifications for oil-filled, gas-insulated, and compact designs.
- Cables and Connectors: Use of armored, corrosion-resistant cables designed for subsea and harsh environments.
- Motors and Drives: Selection of explosion-proof and weatherproof motors for offshore applications.
Hazardous Area Classification:
- Classification of zones (Zone 0, Zone 1, Zone 2) based on the likelihood of explosive atmospheres.
- Selection of electrical equipment compliant with IEC, ATEX, and NEC standards for hazardous areas.
Power Generation and Distribution:
- Onsite Power Generation: Use of gas turbines, diesel generators, and renewable sources (e.g., offshore wind turbines).
- Subsea Power Distribution: High-voltage subsea cables, connectors, and transformers for remote installations.
- Load Management Systems: Optimization of power generation and distribution for varying load conditions.
Control and Instrumentation Systems:
- SCADA Systems: Integration for real-time monitoring and control.
- Automation: Use of PLCs and DCS for operational efficiency.
- Instrumentation: Sensors and actuators designed for high-pressure, corrosive, and submerged environments.
Electrical Protection Systems:
- Fault Detection: Implementation of relays and breakers to handle overcurrent, short circuits, and ground faults.
- Earthing and Bonding: Ensuring safety and lightning protection in offshore environments.
- Corrosion Protection: Use of cathodic protection and corrosion-resistant materials.
Environmental and Safety Considerations:
- Weatherproofing: Protection against humidity, saltwater, and extreme temperatures.
- Fire and Explosion Safety: Flameproof enclosures, gas detection systems, and fire suppression measures.
- Emergency Systems: Backup power systems, including UPS and battery banks, for critical loads.
Installation and Maintenance Practices:
- Cable Laying: Techniques for secure cable installation on offshore platforms and seabeds.
- Routine Maintenance: Inspection schedules, condition monitoring, and preventive maintenance practices.
- Testing: Electrical testing for insulation resistance, continuity, and system integrity.
Regulatory Standards and Compliance:
- Adherence to international standards like IEC, IEEE, API, and ISO.
- Meeting local regulations for offshore installations.
Unique Challenges in Offshore Electrical Engineering
- Harsh Environments: Exposure to corrosive saltwater, high humidity, and fluctuating temperatures.
- Space Constraints: Limited space on platforms demands compact and efficient designs.
- Hazardous Conditions: Risk of explosions, fires, and high-pressure environments necessitates stringent safety measures.
- Remote Locations: Difficult access requires reliable systems with minimal maintenance requirements.
Applications of the Manual
- Oil and Gas Platforms: Electrical systems for drilling, production, and accommodation facilities.
- Offshore Wind Farms: Power generation, transmission, and grid integration of renewable energy systems.
- Subsea Installations: Electrification of subsea pumps, compressors, and other equipment.
- Marine Vessels: Electrical systems for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) units and ships.
Benefits of Using the Manual
- Enhanced Safety: Detailed safety protocols for handling hazardous conditions.
- Optimized Designs: Guidance for creating efficient and compact electrical systems.
- Operational Continuity: Strategies for minimizing downtime in remote and harsh environments.
- Regulatory Compliance: Ensures alignment with industry standards and legal requirements.
Conclusion
The Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual is an indispensable tool for engineers working in offshore industries. It provides the technical knowledge and practical insights needed to design, operate, and maintain robust electrical systems capable of withstanding the unique challenges of offshore environments. By adhering to the principles outlined in the manual, engineers can ensure safe, reliable, and efficient operations in these critical applications.
