Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Economic Aspects
Chapter 2 Economic Load Dispatch-I
Chapter 3 Economic Load Dispatch-II
Chapter 4 Optimal Unit Commitment
Chapter 5 Optimal Power-Flow Problem—Solution Technique
Chapter 6 Hydro-Thermal Scheduling
Chapter 7 Load Frequency Control-I
Chapter 8 Load Frequency Control-II
Chapter 9 Reactive Power Compensation
Chapter 10 Voltage Control
Chapter 11 Modeling of Prime Movers and Generators
Chapter 12 Modeling of Speed Governing and Excitation Systems
Chapter 13 Power System Security and State Estimation
Preface
This book entitled Power System Operation and Control has been intended for use by undergraduate students in
Indian universities. With a judicious mix of advanced topics, the book may also be useful for some institutions as a first course for postgraduates. The organization of
this book reflects our desire to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the basic principles and techniques of power system operation and control.
Written to address the need for a text that clearly presents the concept of economic system operation in a manner that kindles interest, the topics are dealt with
using a lucid approach that may benefit beginners as well as advanced learners of the subject. It has been designed as a functional aid to help students learn independently.
Chapter 1
introduces the economic aspects of power system and provides definitions for the various terms used in its analysis. It explains reserve requirements, the importance of load forecasting, and its classification.
Chapter 2
describes system variables and their
functions. The characteristics of thermal and hydropower units are illustrated in this unit. Non-smooth cost functions with multi-valve effect and with multi-fuel effect are briefly discussed. This chapter explains the mathematical formulation of economic load dispatch among various units by neglecting transmission losses,and it also gives an overview of the applications of various computational methods to solve the optimization problem. The flowchart required to obtain the optimal scheduling of generating units is also described here.
Chapter 3
looks at the derivation of the expression for
transmission loss and explains the mathematical determination of economic load dispatch taking transmission loss into consideration. The theory of
incremental transmission loss and penalty factor is clearly discussed. It also analyzes the optimal scheduling of generating units, determined with the help of a flowchart
Chapter 4
expounds on the optimal unit commitment
problem and its solution methods by taking a reliable example. Reliability and start-up considerations in optimal unit commitment problems are effectively discussed.
Chapter 5
explains the optimal power-flow problem
and its solution techniques with and without inequality constraints. In this chapter, inequality constraints are considered first on control variables, and then on dependent variables. Kuhn–Tucker conditions for the
solution of an optimal power flow are presented in this unit.
Chapter 6
spells out the important principle of hydrothermal scheduling and its classification. It discusses the general mathematical formulations and methods of
solving long-term and the short-term hydro-thermal scheduling problems
Chapter 7
deals with single-area load frequency
control. It describes the characteristics of the speed governor and its adjustment in case of parallel operating units. Generator controllers, namely, P–f and Q–V controllers, the speed-governing system model, the
turbine model, and the generator–load model and their block diagram representations are clearly discussed.Steady- and dynamic-state analyses of a single-area load frequency control system are also explained. The chapter also discusses the analysis of integral control of a single area load frequency control system.
Power System Operation and Control is a critical aspect of electrical engineering focused on the management and regulation of power generation, transmission, and distribution to ensure a reliable and efficient supply of electricity. This field covers the coordination of various power system elements such as power plants, transmission lines, and substations to maintain a balanced, stable, and high-quality power flow that meets demand while adhering to safety and economic constraints. Key components include load forecasting, economic dispatch, frequency control, voltage control, and stability management. Here’s a deeper look into each aspect:
1. Load Forecasting and Demand Management
- Load Forecasting is the process of predicting future electricity demand over different time horizons (short-term, medium-term, and long-term). Accurate load forecasting helps power system operators plan and schedule generation units to meet demand efficiently.
- Demand Management involves influencing the demand-side behavior to ensure the balance between supply and demand. It can include demand response programs, where consumers are encouraged to adjust their electricity usage based on real-time system conditions, such as peak shaving during high demand periods.
2. Economic Dispatch and Unit Commitment
- Economic Dispatch is the process of determining the optimal output of each generation unit to meet the current load demand at the lowest possible cost while considering system constraints. It ensures that power generation is shared among available units in a way that minimizes operational costs.
- Unit Commitment involves scheduling the on/off status of generation units over a specific time period. It considers factors like startup costs, fuel costs, and minimum operation levels to decide which units should be active at any given time.
3. Frequency Control
- Frequency Control is essential to maintain the stability of the power system. Power systems operate at a standard frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz), and any deviation from this frequency indicates an imbalance between generation and demand.
- Primary Frequency Control is the initial response from generators to correct frequency deviations through automatic adjustments in power output.
- Secondary Frequency Control, or Automatic Generation Control (AGC), adjusts generation levels more precisely to restore frequency to its nominal value over a longer time period.
- Tertiary Control involves manual or automatic interventions by the system operator to bring the system back to optimal operating conditions after a disturbance.
4. Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management
- Voltage Control ensures that the voltage levels throughout the power system remain within acceptable limits. It is necessary for maintaining power quality and preventing damage to equipment.
- Reactive Power Management is closely tied to voltage control, as reactive power influences voltage levels in the power system. Devices like synchronous condensers, capacitor banks, and voltage regulators are used to manage reactive power and maintain voltage stability.
- Proper voltage control helps reduce power losses and ensures the efficient operation of the power grid.
5. Stability and Security
- Power System Stability refers to the ability of the system to remain in equilibrium under normal and disturbed conditions. It includes transient stability, which is the system's ability to withstand short-term disturbances, and steady-state stability, which involves maintaining equilibrium over longer periods.
- Security Analysis involves assessing the power system's ability to handle various contingencies like the loss of a generation unit or a transmission line. It helps operators plan for possible scenarios that could disrupt system operations and ensures that there are appropriate measures to prevent or mitigate these risks.
- Modern systems also incorporate Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) and Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) to enhance the visibility and control of power system stability over large geographical areas.
6. Renewable Integration and Grid Modernization
- The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar presents new challenges for power system operation and control. These sources are intermittent and less predictable compared to traditional power plants.
- Grid Modernization involves incorporating advanced technologies such as smart grids, which utilize sensors, communication networks, and data analytics to improve the responsiveness and reliability of the power system. Smart grids allow for better integration of renewable energy, improved fault detection, and enhanced customer engagement.
- Energy Storage Systems (ESS), like batteries, help balance the variability of renewables by storing excess energy and releasing it when demand increases or generation decreases.
7. SCADA and Energy Management Systems (EMS)
- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems play a key role in real-time monitoring and control of power systems. SCADA collects data from various points in the grid and allows operators to monitor system parameters and remotely control devices.
- Energy Management Systems (EMS) use data from SCADA to perform more advanced analysis and decision-making. EMS is used for functions like load forecasting, economic dispatch, and contingency analysis, helping to optimize the operation of the power system.
8. Challenges and Future Trends
- The decentralization of power generation, driven by distributed energy resources like rooftop solar panels and small-scale wind turbines, has made power system control more complex.
- Cybersecurity has become a critical issue in modern power systems due to the increasing reliance on digital communication and control technologies. Ensuring the security of grid control systems is essential to protect against potential cyberattacks.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are being integrated into power system control for improved forecasting, fault detection, and decision-making.
- The transition to a low-carbon grid also emphasizes the need for advanced control strategies to manage the variability and uncertainty introduced by renewable energy sources.
Conclusion
Power System Operation and Control ensures that electricity is generated, transmitted, and distributed efficiently, reliably, and economically. As power systems evolve with the integration of renewables, digital technologies, and decentralized generation, new strategies and tools are being developed to address the complexities of modern grid operation. The focus remains on maintaining a stable, secure, and high-quality power supply while adapting to new challenges and opportunities.
Reference/Source (Download)
Click here
👇👇👇👇
Power System Operation and Control Handbook