1. OBJECTIVES
The aim of this course is to enable a future operator to understand the basics of the
generation of electric current, and how to use the current to operate motors, mainly in view
of an oil-based industrial site.
At the end of this course, in the field of instrumentation and regulation, the
participant should be able to:
⭐Define the generation principle for alternating current
⭐Define the generation principle for direct current
⭐List the different types of generators and/or alternator
⭐List the different types of electric motors
Make decisions concerning the different components of an alternator and a motor
⭐Explain the use and operation of alternators
Determine the regulation factors for an alternator
⭐Couple an alternator to a network
⭐Define the principles and use of electric protection for an alternator
⭐Define the principles and use of electric protection for a motor
⭐Be familiar with the basic maintenance of a power alternator on a site
⭐Be familiar with the maintenance required on motors on a site
OBJECTIVES
2. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC MACHINES
2.1. ALTERNATORS AND MOTORS
2.1.1. Differentiation
2.1.2. Construction
2.1.3. Electromagnetic induction
3. GENERATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
3.1. GENERATION OF DIRECT ELECTRIC
3.1.1. Batteries
3.1.2. Photovoltaic cells
3.1.4. T.E.G. Thermo Electric Generator
3.1.5. Rotating generators
3.1.5.1. Energy conversion
3.1.5.2. Symbol
3.1.5.3. Construction
3.1.5.4. Principle of a DC generator
3.1.5.5. Different DC machine types:
3.2. GENERATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
3.2.1. Principle of an AC generator
3.2.2. Permanent magnet generator
3.2.3. Principle of a basic alternator
3.2.3.2. Alternator with 2 pairs of poles
3.2.3.3. Alternator with 'x' pairs of poles
3.2.4. Rectifiers/Inverters
4. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES –ALTERNATORS
4.1. PRINCIPLE AND FUNCTION OF POWER ALTERNATORS
4.2. MAIN COMPONENTS
4.2.1. Stator
4.2.2. Rotor
4.2.3. Exciter
4.2.4. Bearings
4.2.5. Resistance Temperature Detectors
4.2.6. Space Heater
4.2.7. Supporting Frame
4.3. ALTERNATOR CONSTRUCTION
4.3.1. The single phase synchronous generator
4.3.2. The three phase synchronous generator
4.3.3. AC generator in general
4.3.4. Rotor construction
4.3.5. Insulation
4.3.6. Cooling
4.3.7. Neutral Earthing Resistor
4.3.8. Insulated Bearings
4.4. GENERATOR EXCITATION
4.4.1. Conventional excitation
4.4.2. Static excitation
4.4.3. Brushless excitation (general case)
4.4.4. Brushless excitation (without pilot exciter)
4.4.5. Brushless excitation (with pilot exciter)
4.4.6. Diode bridge
4.4.7. Alternator parts
5. ALTERNATOR CONNECTIONS AND PROTECTIONS
5.1. GENERATOR CONNECTIONS
5.1.1. The Delta system
5.1.2. Delta connected generator
5.1.3. The wye (star) system
5.1.4. Wye (star) connected generator
5.2. GENERATOR PROTECTIONS
5.2.1. ANSI codes for Protections
5.2.2. Typical one line diagram generator protection
5.2.3. Details on generator protection
5.2.3.1. Protection functions connected to generator neutral current transformers.59
5.2.3.2. Protection functions connected to voltage transformers
5.2.3.3. Protection functions connected to line-side current transformers (for parallel
operation only)
5.2.3.4. Generator mechanical protection functions connected to sensors
5.2.4. Practical checks performed by operators
5.2.4.1. Review
5.2.4.2. Active reverse power protection
5.2.4.3. Reactive reverse power protection (Loss of excitation)
6. ALTERNATOR OPERATION AND CONTROL
6.1. Load adjustment of a generator (or alternator)
6.2. Automatic voltage regulators (AVR)
6.2.1. AVR set-point
6.2.2. AC Generator voltage regulation
7. GENERATOR PARALLELING AND SYNCHRONISING
7.1. CONDITIONS FOR PARALLELING
7.1.1. Introduction
7.1.2. Condition 1: same phase operation
7.1.3. Condition 2: same frequency
7.1.4. Condition 3: same voltage
7.1.5. Condition 4: Synchronising (timing) or phasing
7.2. SYNCHRONISM/PARALLELING
7.2.1. Ready for coupling
7.2.2. Coupling operations with a one phase alternator lamp
7.2.3. Coupling operations with a three-phase alternator lamp
7.2.4. Coupling operations with a synchronoscope
7.2.5. Coupling tolerances
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