J & P Transformer Book, Thirteenth Edition

Transformer theory

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The ideal transformer: voltage ratio

1.3 Leakage reactance: transformer impedance

1.4 Losses in core and windings

1.5 Rated quantities

1.6 Regulation

 2 Design fundamentals

2.1 Types of transformers

2.2 Phase relationships: phasor groups

2.3 Volts per turn and fl ux density

2.4 Tappings

2.5 Impedance

2.6 Multi-winding transformers including tertiary windings

2.7 Zero-sequence impedance

2.8 Double secondary transformers

2.9 General case of three-winding transformer

 

3 Basic materials

3.1 Dielectrics

3.2 Core steel

3.3 Winding conductors

3.4 Insulation

3.5 Transformer oil

 4 Transformer construction

4.1 Core construction

4.2 Transformer windings

4.3 Dispositions of windings

4.4 Impulse strength

4.5 Thermal considerations

4.6 Tappings and tapchangers

4.7 Winding forces and performance under short-circuit

4.8 Tanks and ancillary equipment

4.9 Processing and dry out 

5 Testing of transformers 

5.1 Testing and quality assurance during manufacture 

5.2 Final testing 

5.3 Possible additional testing for important transformers 

5.4 Transport, installation and commissioning 

 6 Operation and maintenance 

6.1 Design and layout of transformer installations 

6.2 Neutral earthing 

6.3 Transformer noise 

6.4 Parallel operation

6.5 Transient phenomena occurring in transformers 

6.6 Transformer protection 

6.7 Maintenance in service 

6.8 Operation under abnormal conditions 

6.9 The infl uence of transformer connections upon third-harmonic

voltages and currents 

 7 Special features of transformers

 for particular purposes

 7.1 Generator transformers 

 7.2 Other power station transformers 

 7.3 Transmission transformers and autotransformers 

 7.4 Transformers for HVDC converters 

 7.5 Phase shifting transformers and quadrature boosters 

 7.6 System transformers 

 7.7 Interconnected star earthing transformers

 7.8 Distribution transformers 

 7.9 Scott- and Le Blanc-connected transformers 

7.10 Rectifi er transformers 

7.11 AC arc furnace transformers 

7.12 Traction transformers

7.13 Generator neutral earthing transformers

7.14 Transformers for electrostatic precipitators 

7.15 Reactors 

 8 Transformer enquiries and tenders 

8.1 Transformer enquiries 

8.2 Assessment of tenders 

8.3 Economics of ownership and operation 

APPENDICES

 1 Transformer equivalent circuit

 2 Geometry of the transformer phasor diagram

 3 The transformer circle diagram

 4 Transformer regulation

 5 Symmetrical components in unbalanced three-phase systems 848

 6 A symmetrical component study of earth faults in transformers

 in parallel

 7 The use of fi nite-element analysis in the calculation of leakage fl ux and dielectric stress distributions

 8 List of national and international standards relating to power transformers

 9 List of principal CIGRE reports and papers relating to transformers

10 List of reports available from ERA Technology Ltd 

 

The J & P Transformer Book, Thirteenth Edition, is a comprehensive reference on transformers and electrical power systems, widely recognized as a foundational text in the field. This edition, updated with modern insights and advancements, remains a key resource for electrical engineers, researchers, and technicians involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of transformers and power systems.

Overview and Significance

Originally authored by Martin J. Heathcote, the J & P Transformer Book has evolved through successive editions to encompass the latest developments in transformer technology, applications, and industry standards. This thirteenth edition retains the book's traditional in-depth approach to transformer theory while incorporating contemporary practices, making it valuable for both seasoned professionals and new engineers in the field.

Key Features of the Thirteenth Edition

1. Updated Content on Transformer Technology

   • The thirteenth edition includes recent advancements in transformer design, materials, and insulation technologies. It reflects changes in transformer manufacturing, including core materials, cooling methods, and construction techniques. It also covers new insulating fluids and environmentally friendly materials to reduce environmental impact.

2. Expanded Coverage of Power System Applications

   • This edition provides a detailed exploration of transformer applications within modern power systems, including the integration of renewable energy sources and the impact of distributed generation on transformer design. It also discusses transformers' role in HVDC systems and the operational challenges in smart grids, where transformer monitoring and control are essential.

3. Enhanced Focus on Transformer Testing and Standards

   • The book aligns with the latest international standards, such as IEC, IEEE, and ANSI, ensuring that the content remains relevant to global engineering practices. Detailed sections on testing methods, including routine, type, and special tests, equip readers with knowledge on verifying transformer performance, reliability, and compliance with industry standards.

4. Electrical and Mechanical Design Aspects

   • The electrical design chapters cover core and winding construction, insulation systems, cooling techniques, and tap changer design. The book also dives into the mechanical aspects of transformers, emphasizing structural stability to handle high currents and mechanical stresses from fault conditions.

5. Power Quality and Transformer Performance

   • Addressing modern concerns around power quality, this edition discusses how transformers handle harmonics, voltage fluctuations, and transient events in complex power networks. It offers insights on mitigation techniques, including the use of specialized materials and design optimizations to reduce losses and improve overall efficiency.

6. Maintenance, Monitoring, and Diagnostics

   • With the importance of reliability in critical power infrastructure, the book provides practical guidelines on transformer maintenance and asset management. Topics such as Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), thermography, and condition monitoring are included, along with recommendations on predictive and preventive maintenance strategies.

7. Advances in Digital and Smart Transformer Technology

   • This edition covers emerging technologies in digital and smart transformers, which are integral to the development of smart grids. It explores the use of sensors, data analytics, and digital twin technology for real-time monitoring, fault detection, and load management. The book also addresses communication protocols and integration with smart grid systems.

8. Case Studies and Practical Applications

   • The thirteenth edition includes case studies and practical examples, showcasing real-world transformer challenges and solutions. These examples help readers apply theoretical concepts to practical situations, from managing transformer overloading to mitigating harmonics in urban power networks.

Who Should Use This Book?

The J & P Transformer Book is designed for:

• Electrical Engineers and Technicians involved in transformer design, operation, and maintenance.
• Power System Engineers working on the integration of transformers in utility-scale systems, industrial facilities, or renewable energy installations.
• Researchers and Academics focusing on advanced transformer technology, grid reliability, and power quality.
• Students of Electrical Engineering seeking a comprehensive and practical understanding of transformer principles and applications.

Conclusion

The J & P Transformer Book, Thirteenth Edition, remains a benchmark in transformer literature. By combining foundational knowledge with modern advancements, it serves as an essential reference for professionals who aim to deepen their understanding of transformer technology and power system reliability.

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 J & P Transformer Book, Thirteenth Edition