Preface
The objective of this book is to simplify the theory and calculations that electrical engineers typically need to understand in order to support operations, maintenance, and betterment projects for generating stations and industrial facilities.
The book is organized into seven chapters: “The Basics,” “Electrical Studies,”
“Auxiliary System Protection,” “Generator Protection,” “Electrical Apparatus
Calculations,” “Electrical Operating Guidelines,” and “Electrical Maintenance Guidelines.”
Chapter 1, “The Basics,” provides a cursory review or refresher of basic electrical theory. It also provides additional insights into electrical theory that typically are not presented and sets the conventions that will be utilized throughout the book. Therefore, even the more experienced electrical engineers are encouraged to start with the first chapter.
The “Electrical Studies” chapter (Chapter 2) discusses the conversions, data gathering, and calculation procedures for voltage studies, power transfer, and short circuit analysis. In the interest of simplicity, when a calculation does not involve transformation, a three-phase version of Ohm’s Law is applied to simplify the procedure. When transformers are involved in the calculation (short circuit studies), the per-unit system is utilized.
Chapter 3, “Auxiliary System Protection,” covers switchgear overcurrent
coordination, high impedance ground detection schemes, transformer protection, and residual voltage bus transfer circuits. Detailed background information is provided on the time coordination of overcurrent relays and on the benefits and electrical phenomena associated with the application of
high impedance (resistance) ground detection schemes.
“Generator Protection” (Chapter 4) explains the gathering of data needed to set the various protection functions, the calculation procedures for actually setting the elements, and the math associated with the various types of impedance elements. It also provides substantial details on the need for the
protection functions and typical generator and turbine withstands for the
associated abnormal operating conditions.
Chapter 5, “Electrical Apparatus Calculations,” discusses practical apparatus calculations that were not included in the preceding chapters. Calculation procedures are provided for various aspects of buses, cable, circuit breakers, current transformers, generators, meters, motors, and transformers.
The final two chapters present suggested electrical operating and maintenance guidelines for generating station and industrial facilities. In reality,guidelines are moving targets that require periodic revision to reflect
site-specific experience and conditions, industry experience, manufacturers’
recommendations, and the ever-changing regulatory requirements.
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