VECTOR SYMBOL IN TRANSFORMERS (Article)

Synopsis: Transformer is a very important link in any electric power supply network. Hence, it is all the more important to understand the specifications and ratings of the transformer. Most of the specifications and ratings – like Power rating in kVA, Primary and Secondary Voltages, Frequency, No. of phases, Primary & Secondary Currents – are self�explanatory. But, some other specifications like percentage impedance, type of cooling, vector symbol require a little study to understand. One of the important specifications – the vector symbol or the vector group of a transformer – is taken up for discussion in this article.

Introduction: As we are aware, transformer is a device which converts power at one voltage level to power at another voltage level. By the rated voltage ratio, one can know the magnitude of the rated primary and secondary voltages and by the rated frequency rating of the transformer, one can know the rate of change of these voltages. But, it is also important to know the phase relationship between the HV side voltage and the LV side voltage. This phase relationship between the HV side and LV side voltages is denoted by the vector symbol of the transformer.

Winding Connections: Now, what will you call the connection shown in Fig. (1)? DELTA? Then what will you call the connection shown in Fig. (2)? Same DELTA? Is there not a difference between Fig. (1) & Fig. (2)? There, in fact, is a difference in end connections of the windings and hence, in the direction of current flow in each winding. In Fig. (1), for example, in ‘U’ winding, current would flow from A1 to A2, whereas in Fig. (2), it will be from A2 to A1. Isn’t it? Then, how can we give the same name to both connections? So, one can be given the name “NORMAL DELTA” and the

So, in a two winding transformer, when one has two sets of three windings

each, one has a choice of connecting each of the two sets in any of the four

types of connections as above. The possibilities are as per Table (1) below:

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