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Concept of Power Factor
Power factor is the factor upto which the power is actively used out of the total power
generated. Meaning, the power generated is apparent power, out of which, the active
usable power is apparent power times the power factor.
The Power Factor (P.F.) is a ratio of the real power that is used to do work and the
apparent power that is supplied to the circuit.
𝑃. 𝐹. =
𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑉𝐴
The P.F. is widely known as the cosine angle between fundamental voltage and current.
The P.F. is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of 0 to 1.
Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase
angle.
The P.F. of 1 means that the voltage and current waveforms are in phase.
When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load.
The P.F. of less than or greater than 1 means that the voltage and current waveforms are
not in phase.
Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductive loads are lagging
(current lags voltage).
Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load
that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source.
6.2. Types of Power Factor
From the concept, power factor can be classified as following:
1) As per the supply consideration;
Displacement power factor
True power factor
2) As per the nature of load consideration;
Unity power factor
Lagging power factor
Leading power factor
Displacement power factor
Displacement power factor is the cosine of the angle between fundamental voltage and
current waveforms.
The fundamental waveforms are by definition pure sinusoids. But if the waveform
distortion is due to harmonics, the power factor angles are different than what would be
for the fundamental wave alone.
The presence of harmonics also affects overall power factor of the system.
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