1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Protection Practice
3 Fundamental Theory
4 Fault Calculations
5Equivalent Circuits and Parameters of
Power System Plant
6 Current and Voltage Transformers
7 Relay Technology
8 Protection: Signalling and Intertripping
9Overcurrent Protection for Phase and
Earth Faults
10 Unit Protection of Feeders
11 Distance Protection
12 Distance Protection Schemes
13Protection of Complex Transmission
Circuits
14 Auto-Reclosing
15 Busbar Protection
16Transformer and Transformer-Feeder
Protection
17Generator and Generator-Transformer
Protection
18Industrial and Commercial Power System
Protection
19 A.C. Motor Protection
20 System Integrity Protection Schemes
21 Relay Testing and Commissioning
22 Power System Measurements
23 Power Quality
24 The Digital Substation
25 Substation Control and Automation
Appendix A Terminology
Appendix B IEEE/IEC Relay Symbols
Appendix C
Typical Standards Applicable to
Protection and Control Numerical Devices
Appendix D Company Data and Nomenclature
Index
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
Introduction
Since 1966, the Network Protection and Automation Guide (formerly the Protective Relays Application Guide) has been the definitive reference textbook for protection engineers and technicians. For 2011, Alstom has capitalised on its pool of experts at the St Leonards Centre of Excellence in Stafford UK
to launch a new edition.
New chapters treat topics such as system integrity protection and remedial action schemes, phasor measurements and wide area schemes. The digital substation, including IEC 61850, Ethernet station bus, GOOSE, process bus, and precision time synchronising is also detailed. Advancements in protection and control application engineering have assisted the authors in exploring and integrating the new techniques and philosophies in this edition, whilst retaining vendorindependence – as we continue to deliver the genuine, impartial, reference textbook.
This book is a précis of the Application and Protection of Power Systems (APPS) training course, an intensive programme, which Alstom (and its predecessor companies at Stafford) has been running for over 50 years. This course, by the ingenuity and dedication of the trainers, is vibrant and evolving. As APPS progresses, the Network Protection and Automation Guide advances too, whilst never losing sight of the key basic principles and concepts. Beginners and experts alike will each feel satisfied in their search for relaying, measurement, communication and control knowledge.
In the list opposite, we name a mix of new authors for this edition, and key historical figures at Stafford who have contributed significantly to the advancement of APPS and NPAG, and hence the quality and integrity of our book. We sincerely hope that this book assists your navigation through a challenging and rewarding career in electrical power engineering. Protection and control has long been termed an art, rather than a precise science - this book offers a mix of both.
We acknowledge and thank Alstom colleagues in the wider Alstom Grid and Alstom Power organisations for photographs
used within this book.
Network Protection & Automation (NPA) refers to a system of technologies, practices, and protocols used to protect, monitor, and control power networks. NPA plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability, efficiency, and safety of electrical power systems, which are essential for industries, businesses, and households.
Key Components of Network Protection & Automation:
Protection Systems:
- Relays and Circuit Breakers: These devices detect abnormal conditions, such as overloads, short circuits, or faults, and automatically isolate the affected part of the network to prevent damage and maintain stability.
- Fault Detection and Isolation: Protection systems identify faults in the network, allowing quick responses to minimize downtime and damage.
- Backup Protection: Ensures that if the primary protection system fails, secondary systems take over to protect the network.
Automation Systems:
- SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): A centralized system that monitors and controls the entire electrical network. SCADA collects real-time data from various parts of the network and allows operators to respond to events like faults or voltage fluctuations.
- IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices): These are microprocessor-based controllers used in substations to automate the monitoring, control, and protection of the network.
- Self-Healing Networks: Automation systems enable the network to detect faults and automatically reconfigure itself to restore power to unaffected areas without human intervention.
Communication Infrastructure:
- A reliable and fast communication network is essential for NPA. Modern systems use advanced communication protocols like IEC 61850 to ensure seamless interaction between devices and systems in different parts of the power network.
Grid Stability and Security:
- Network Protection & Automation helps maintain the stability of the grid by preventing cascading failures, managing demand and supply in real-time, and enhancing the security of power delivery.
Benefits of Network Protection & Automation:
- Enhanced Reliability: Automated systems reduce human error, improve fault detection, and minimize downtime.
- Improved Efficiency: Real-time monitoring and automated responses optimize the performance of the power network.
- Faster Restoration: Faults are isolated more quickly, allowing for faster restoration of power to affected areas.
- Reduced Costs: Efficient management of faults and improved grid stability reduce maintenance costs and the need for expensive infrastructure upgrades.
- Increased Safety: Automation minimizes human exposure to hazardous conditions, ensuring safer operations in power systems.
Applications of NPA:
- Power Transmission and Distribution: Protects the power grid from faults and disturbances while ensuring continuous power delivery.
- Industrial Facilities: Automation ensures that industrial plants have uninterrupted power supply and that any faults are managed swiftly.
- Renewable Energy Integration: Protects and manages the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the grid, ensuring stable operation despite their variable nature.
In summary, Network Protection & Automation is a critical aspect of modern power systems, enhancing the security, reliability, and efficiency of electrical networks by leveraging advanced technologies for protection, monitoring, and control.
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