The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of
neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered. The
advantages and disadvantages of grounded vs. ungrounded systems are
discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the system
should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the ground of the neutral
circuits. Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric apparatus, such as
motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables, conduits, building frames, and
portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed. The fundamentals of making
the interconnection of a ground conductor system between electric equipment and
the ground rods, water pipes, etc., are outlined. The problems of static electricity—
how it is generated, what processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what
should be done to prevent its generation or to drain the static charges to earth to
prevent sparking—are treated. Methods of protecting structures against the effects
of lightning are also covered. Obtaining a low-resistance connection to earth, use
of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc., are discussed. A separate chapter
on electronic equipment is included.
Keywords: connection to earth, electronic equipment grounding, equipment
grounding, lightning protection, static protection, system grounding
Contents
Chapter 1
System grounding
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Purposes of system grounding
1.4 Methods of system neutral grounding
1.5 Obtaining the system neutral
1.6 Location of system grounding points
1.7 Grounding of industrial and commercial generators
1.8 Autotransformers
1.9 System grounding for uninterruptible power systems
1.10 Portable mining equipment supply systems
1.11 Creation of stray currents and potentials
1.12 Avoiding common-mode noise
1.13 Limiting transferred earth potentials
1.14 “Resonantly” produced voltages
1.15 Grounding of dc power systems
1.16 Normative references
1.17 Bibliography
Chapter 2
Equipment grounding
2.1 Basic objectives
2.2 Fundamental concepts
2.3 Equipment grounding as influenced by type of use
2.4 Outdoor open-frame substations
2.5 Unit substations
2.6 Installations serving heavy portable electric machinery
2.7 Interior wiring systems
2.8 Interior unit substations and switching centers
2.9 Utilization equipment.
2.10 Normative references
2.11 Bibliography
Chapter 3
Static and lightning protection grounding
Introduction
3.2 Static grounding
3.3 Lightning protection grounding
3.4 Normative references
3.5 Bibliography
Chapter 4
Connection to earth
4.1 Resistance to earth
4.2 Ground electrodes
4.3 Methods and techniques of construction
4.4 Measurement of resistance to earth
4.5 Normative references
Chapter 5
Electronic equipment grounding
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definitions
5.3 History of computer grounding
5.4 System or equipment to be grounded
5.5 Grounding electronic equipment
5.6 Effects of internal rectifiers in computers
5.7 Grounding of shields
5.8 Interference from radio frequencies
5.9 Case histories
5.10 Normative references.
5.11 Bibliography
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