Preface
The electric power substation, whether generating station or transmission and distribution, remains one of the most challenging and exciting fields of electric power engineering. Recent technological developments have had tremendous impact on all aspects of substation design and operation. The objective of Electric Power Substations Engineering is to provide an extensive overview of substations, as well as a
reference and guide for its study. The chapters are written for the electric power-engineering professional for detailed design information, as well as for other engineering professions (e.g., mechanical, civil) who want an overview or specific information in one particular area. The book is organized into 20 chapters to provide comprehensive information on all aspects of substations, from the initial concept of a substation to design, automation, operation, and physical and cyber security. The chapters are written as tutorials, and provide references for further reading and study.
The majority of chapter authors are members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Power Engineering Society (PES) Substations Committee. They develop the standards that govern all aspects of substations. In this way, this book contains the most recent technological developments regarding industry practice as well as industry standards. This book is part of the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series published by Taylor & Francis=CRC Press. Since its inception in 1993, this series has been dedicated to the concept that when readers refer to a book on a particular topic, they should be able to find what they need to know about the subject at least 80% of the time. That has indeed been the goal of this book. During my review of the individual chapters of this book, I was very pleased with the level of detail presented but more importantly the tutorial style of writing and use of photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. I thank the tremendous efforts of the 28 authors who were dedicated to do the very best job they could in writing the 20 chapters. I also thank the personnel at Taylor &Francis who have been involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to Nora Konopka and Liz Spangenberger. They were a pleasure to work with and made this project a lot of fun for all of us.
How a Substation Happens
Background
The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are commonplace projects in electric utilities. However, due to its complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the complete process that allows these projects to be successfully completed. This chapter will attempt to highlight the major issues associated with these capital-intensive construction projects, and provide a basic understanding of the types of issues that must be addressed during this process. There are four major types of electric substations. The first type is the switchyard at a generating
station. These facilities connect the generators to the utility grid and also provide off-site power to the plant. Generator switchyards tend to be large installations that are typically engineered and constructed
by the power-plant designers and are subject to planning, finance, and construction efforts different from those of routine substation projects. Because of their special nature, the creation of power-plant switchyards will not be discussed here, but the expansion and modifications of these facilities generally
follow the same processes as system stations.
Another type of substation, typically known as the customer substation, functions as the main source of electric power supply for one particular business customer. The technical requirements and the business case for this type of facility depend highly on the customer’s requirements, more so than on
utility needs; so this type of station will also not be the primary focus of this discussion.
The third type of substation involves the transfer of bulk power across the network, and is referred to as a system station. Some of these stations provide only switching facilities (no power transformers) whereas others perform voltage conversion as well. These large stations typically serve as the end points
for transmission lines originating from generating switchyards and provide the electrical power for circuits that feed transformer stations. They are integral to the long-term reliability and integrity of the
electric system and enable large blocks of energy to be moved from the generators to the load centers.Since these system stations are strategic facilities and usually very expensive to construct and maintain, these substations will be one of the major focuses of this chapter. The fourth type of substation is the distribution station. These are the most common facilities in power electric systems and provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric customers. They are typically located close to the load centers, meaning that they are usually located
in or near the neighborhoods that they supply, and are the stations most likely to be encountered by the customers. Due to the large number of such substations, these facilities will also be a focus of
this chapter. Depending on the type of equipment used, the substations could be
.Outdoor type with air insulated equipment
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Indoor type with air insulated equipment
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Outdoor type with gas insulated equipment
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Indoor type with gas insulated equipment
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Mixed technology substations
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Mobile substation
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