S
INCE THE RELEASE of the first edition in October 2001, I have received many
comments from readers saying how helpful the text was while preparing for and
taking the Professional Engineering (PE) examination. Truth be told, I never really
thought about the PE exam while preparing the first edition manuscript. My objective
was simply to produce a book useful to both students and practitioners. When the
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) restructured
the Electrical Engineering PE exam in April 2009 creating a power-specific exam, I
saw the relevance of aligning this text more with the new exam format.
Several new topics, including arc flash hazard and lighting systems, have been
added to this edition, keeping current with the latest trends and practices in the
power field. More depth and some derivations have also been added to other sections,
such as an in-depth exploration of the per-unit system, additional material on motor
application, a thorough analysis of AC power in both the time and phasor domains,
and an intuitive development of three-phase symmetrical components. I have never
believed in deriving an equation simply for the sake of deriving it (that is a great
exercise for mathematicians, but engineers should focus their efforts on application
of the formula), but AC power and symmetrical components are exceptions to my
tenet on derivations since these are so widely used by power engineers, and complete
comprehension, in my opinion, requires going through the step-by-step development.
Enhancements such as these should add to the level of understanding of critical power
engineering concepts for many students.
Practitioners in the electric power industry will also find this book useful both
as a reference and as a means of filling in gaps in their understanding of key concepts.
Based largely on practices in the United States, this book references primarily US
standards and codes. Often times, similar standards and codes have been developed
and adopted abroad, and readers outside the United States are encouraged to investigate local standards and codes. Similarly, customary US units of measurements, as
are commonly encountered in the United States, are used throughout the book.
The material covered in this book will be a valuable reference for the practicing
power engineer, but will be just as helpful to the engineering student pursuing a career
in the power industry. Few US universities have comprehensive programs in electric
power that align with industry requirements. Narrowing the gap between what topics
are taught at the university and what skills are needed by industry should be made
a very high priority, both in academia and in industry. A close academia–industry
partnership is needed to accomplish such a lofty goal. It is my hope that this book
will help narrow the gap and forge the partnership. Developing new courses based on
Industrial Power Distribution and incorporating the book into existing courses will
facilitate the alignment of the academic curriculum with industry needs.
Over 370 students at the University of South Florida and many more through
short courses conducted worldwide have studied the contents of the first edition, and
as a result, many constructive comments were made. Between those comments and
the expertise of the manuscript reviewers, I believe the second edition of Industrial
Power Distribution will be a valuable resource for engineering students and practicing
power engineers alike, and will help create an academic environment better able to
address the needs of the electric power industry
CHAPTER 1
UTILITY SOURCE
1.1 Electrical Safety
1.2 Delivery Voltage
1.3 One-Line Diagrams
1.4 Zones of Protection
1.5 Source Configuration
1.6 The Per-Unit System
1.7 Power in AC Systems
1.8 Voltage Drop Calculations
1.9 Short-Circuit Availability
1.10 Conductor Sizing
1.11 Transformer Sizing
1.12 Liquid-Immersed Transformer kVA Ratings
Summary
For Further Reading
Questions
Problems
CHAPTER 2
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS AND METERING
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Instrument Transformers
2.2.1 Fundamentals
2.2.2 Correction Factors
2.2.3 Burden Calculations
2.2.4 ANSI Accuracy Classes
2.3 Metering Fundamentals
2.4 Watthour Metering
2.4.1 Single-Stator Watthour Metering
2.4.2 Multi-Stator Watthour Metering
2.5 Demand Metering
2.5.1 Kilowatt Demand
2.5.2 Kilovar and kVA Demand
2.6 Pulse-Operated Meters
2.7 Time-of-Use Meters
2.8 Special Metering
2.8.1 Voltage and Current Metering
2.8.2 Var and Q Metering
2.8.3 Compensating Metering
2.8.4 Totalizing Metering
2.8.5 Pulse Recorders
2.9 Digital Metering
2.10 Smart Meters
Summary
For Further Reading
Questions
Problems
CHAPTER 3
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
3.1 Voltage Selection
3.2 Ideal Transformer Model
3.3 Transformer Fundamentals
3.4 Transformer Circuit Model
3.5 Single-Phase Transformer Connections
3.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections
3.6.1 Delta–Delta
3.6.2 Wye–Wye
3.6.3 Delta–Wye
3.6.4 Wye–Delta
3.6.5 Open Delta–Open Delta
3.6.6 Open Wye–Open Delta
3.7 Two-Phase Transformer Connections
3.7.1 T-Connection (Scott Connection)
3.8 Six-Phase Transformer Connections
3.9 Transformer Phase Shifts
3.10 Grounding Transformers
3.10.1 Wye–Delta
3.10.2 Zig–Zag Connection
3.11 Ferroresonance
Summary
For Further Reading
Questions
Problems
CHAPTER 4
FAULT CALCULATIONS
4.1 Overview
4.2 Types of Faults
4.3 Data Preparation
4.4 First-Cycle Symmetrical Current Calculations
4.5 Contact-Parting Symmetrical Current Calculations
4.6 Analyzing Unbalanced Systems
4.7 Physical Example of Vector Components
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